Phenological characteristics of walnut (Juglans regia L.) genotypes under environmental conditions of Karaj in Iran

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran.

2 Temperate Fruit Research Center, Horticultural Science Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Karaj, Iran

3 Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center of Kerman Province, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Kerman, Iran.

Abstract

Walnut (Juglans regia L.) is one of the most important horticultural crops grown in Iran. To characterize the phenology of walnut genotypes in different seasons and its relationship with climatic conditions, this study was carried out in temperate fruits research center of Horticultural Science Research Institute, Karaj, Iran. The phenological characteristics of 39 selected superior walnut genotypes were compared with Chandler, Jamal and Rond de Montignac cultivars during 2012-18. The results showed that the overall average leafing dates of genotypes varied from March 15-29 over seasons. ‘Z16’ had the earliest leafing date (March 13) together with ‘Kr95’and high variation (24 and 25 days, respectively). Latest leafing date (April 13) and least variation (four days over seasons) belonged to ‘Ronde de Montignac’. The average leafing dates in ‘Chandler’, ‘88-1, ‘88-2’ were in April 6-8. The average pollen shedding, in different seasons, started in genotypes from March 29 to April 12. While the average of pistillate flowers receptivity varied from April 2 to April 11. The effect of season was not significant on nut ripening. The overall average fruit ripening was on August 24-25 in different seasons. However, the ripening dates for walnut genotypes varied from August 15 in ‘Kr111’ to September 16 in ‘Chandler’. The temperature of March showed to have a crucial effect on bud break, catkin development, pollen shedding, and pistillate flowers development and receptivity period. Leafing date showed to be more affected by season in comparison to other phenological characteristics. The leafing dates varied 5.5 and 2.8 days, with 1 °C increase in average temperature, in early and late leafing genotypes, respectively.

Keywords

References

Akca, Y., Bilgen, Y. and Ercisli, S. 2015. Selection of superior Persian walnut (Juglans regia L.) from seedling origin in Turkey. Acta Sci Pol-Hortorum Cultus 14 (3): 103–114.
 
 
Arzani K., Mansouri Ardakani, H., Vezvaei, A. And Roozban, M.. 2008. Morphological variation among Persian walnut (Juglans regia L.) genotypes from central Iran. New Zeal. J. Crop Hort. 36: 159-168.
 
 
Aslani Aslamarz, A., Vahdati, K., Rahemi, M. and Hassani, D. 2009. Estimation of chilling and heat requirements of some Persian walnut cultivars and genotypes. HortScience 44 (3): 697–701.
 
 
Aslani Aslamarz, A., Vahdati, K., Rahemi, M., Hassani, D. and Leslie, C. 2010. Super cooling and cold-hardiness of acclimated and deacclimated buds and stems of Persian walnut cultivars and selections. HortScience 45 (11): 1662–1667.
 
 
Asma, B. M. 2012. Pomological and phenological characterization of promising walnut (Juglans regia L.) genotypes from Malatya, Turkey. Acta Sci Pol-Hortorum Cultus 11 (4): 169-178.
 
 
Bernard, A., Lheureux, F. and Dirlewanger, E. 2018. Walnut: past and future of genetic improvement. Tree Genet. Genomes 14 (1): 1-28.
 
 
Chand, L., Singh, D. B., Sharma Mir, O. C., Kumawa, K. L., Rai, K. M., Rather, S. A., Qureshi, I., Lal, S. and Dev, I. 2017. Lateral bearing trait in Indian walnut (Juglans regia L.) germplasm: a potential yield contributing trait in early age of the tree. Int. J. Bio-Resources Stress Manag. 8 (5): 605-610.
 
 
Charrier, G., Bonhomme, M., Lacointe, A. and Améglio, T. 2011. Are budburst dates, dormancy and cold acclimation in walnut trees (Juglans regia L.) under mainly genotypic or environmental control? Int. J. Biometeorol. 55: 763–774.
 
 
Chuine, I, Bonhomme, M., Legave, J. M., García de Cortázar-Atauri, I. , Charrier, G., Lacointe,   A. and Améglio, T. 2016. Can phenological models predict tree phenology accurately in the future? The unrevealed hurdle of endodormancy break. Glob. Change Biol. 22 (10):3444-3460.
 
 
Cleland, E. E., Chuine, I., Menzel, A., Mooney, H. A. and Schwartz, M. D. 2007. Shifting plant phenology in response to global change. Trends Ecol. Evol. 22 (7): 357-365.
 
 
Eskandari, S., Hassani, D. and Abdi, A. 2006. Investigation on genetic diversity of Persian walnut and evaluation of promising genotypes. Acta Hortic. 705: 159-166.
 
 
Fallahi, E., Fallahi, B., Vahdati, K. and Kiester, M. 2014. Phenological characteristics, yield, and fruit quality of yellow-fleshed nectarines under high desert conditions of the northwestern United States over five years. Int. J. HortSci. Tech. 1 (1): 21-29.
 
 
Hassani, D., Atefi, J., Haghjooyan, R., Dastjerdi, R., Keshavarzi, M., Mozaffari, M. R., Soleimani, A., Rahmanian, A., Nematzadeh, F., and Malmir, A. 2012. Jamal, a new Persian walnut cultivar for moderate-cold areas of Iran. Seed and Plant Improv. J. 28-1 (3): 525-528 (in Persian).
 
 
Hassani, D., Dastjerdi, R., Haghjooyan, R., Soleimani, A., Keshavarzi, M., Atefi, J., Mozaffari, M. R., Rezaee, R. Fahadan, A. and Rahmanian, A. 2014. Genetic improvement of Persian walnut (Juglans regia L.) in Iran. Acta Hortic. 1050: 95-102.
 
 
Hassankhah, A., Vahdati, K., Rahemi, M., Hassani, D. and S. Sarikhani. 2017. Persian walnut phenology: effect of chilling and heat requirements on bud break and flowering date. Int. J. Hort. Sci. Tech. 4 (2): 259-271.
 
 
IPGRI. 1994. Descriptors for walnut (Juglans spp.). International Plant Genetic Resources Institute. Rome, Italy. 54 pp.
 
 
Keles, H., Akca, Y. and Ercisli, S. 2014. Selecting of promising walnut (Juglans regia L.) genotypes from inner Anatolia. Acta Sci Pol-Hortorum Cultus 13 (3): 167–175.
 
 
Khadivi-Khub, A., Ebrahimi, A., Sheibani, F. and Esmaeili, A. 2015. Phenological and pomological characterization of Persian walnut to select promising trees. Euphytica 205 (2): 557-567.
 
 
Mahmoodi, R., Hassani, D., Amiri, M. E. and Jaffaraghaei, M. 2016. Phenological and pomological characteristics of five promised walnut genotypes in Karaj, Iran. J. Nuts 7 (1): 1-8.
 
 
Mahmoodi, R., Dadpour, R., Hassani, D., Zeinalabedini, M., Vendramin, E., Micali, S. and Zaare Nahandi, F. 2019. Development of a core collection in Iranian walnut (Juglans regia L.) germplasm using the phenotypic diversity. Sci. Hortic. 249: 439-448.
 
 
Mariana, B. and Niculina, C. S. 2017. Effect of climatic conditions on flowering of walnut genotypes in Romania. J. Nuts 8 (2): 161-167.
 
 
McGranahan, G. H. and Leslie, C. A. 2006. Advances in genetic improvement of walnut at the University of California, Davis. Acta Hortic.705: 117-122.
 
 
Prentice, I. C., Cramer, W., Harrison, S. P., Leemans, R., Monserud, R. A. and Solomon, A. M. 1992. Special paper: A global biome model based on plant physiology and dominance, soil properties and climate. J. Biogeogr. 19 (2): 117-134.
 
 
Radivojevic, D. D., Milivojevic, J. M., Oparnica, C. D., Vulic, T. B., Djordjevic, B. S. and Ercisli, S. 2014. Impact of early cropping on vegetative development, productivity, and fruit quality of Gala and Braeburn apple trees. Turk. J. Agric. For. 38 (6): 773-780.
 
 
Ramos, D. E. 1998.Walnut production manual. University of California. USA. 316 pp.
 
 
Richardson, E. A., Seeley, S. D. and Walker, D. R. 1974. A model for estimating the completion of rest for Redhaven and Elberta peach trees. HortScience 9: 331-332.
 
 
Rezaei, Z., Khadivi-Khub, A., Valizadeh-Kaji, B. and Abbasifar, A. 2018. The selection of superior walnut (Juglans regia L.) genotypes as revealed by morphological characterization. Euphytica 214 (4): 69.
 
 
Ruiz-Garcia, L., Lopez-Ortega, G., Fuentes, D. A., and Frutos, T. D. 2011. Identification of a walnut (Juglans regia L.) germplasm collection and evaluation of their genetic variability by microsatellite markers. Span. J. Agric. Res. 9.(1): 179-192.
 
 
Springate, D. A. and Kover, P. X. 2014. Plant responses to elevated temperatures: a field study on phenological sensitivity and fitness responses to simulated climate warming. Glob. Chang. Biol. 20 (2): 456-465.
 
 
Vahdati, K., Aslani Aslamarz, A., Rahemi, M., Hassani, D. and Leslie, C. 2012. Mechanism of seed dormancy and its relationship to bud dormancy in Persian walnut. Environ. Exp. Bot. 75: 74-82.
 
 
Vahdati, K., Lotfi, N., Kholdebarin, B., Hassani, D., Amiri, R., Mozaffari, M. R. and Leslie, C. 2009. Screening for drought-tolerant genotypes of Persian walnuts (Juglans regia L.) during seed germination. HortScience 44 (7): 1815-1819.
 
 
Crop Breeding Journal
Volume 9, Issue 2
February 2019
Pages 11-22

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics